Ectoine (CAS 96702-03-3)

Ectoine (1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2-methyl-4-pyrimidinecarboxylic acid, CAS 96702-03-3) is a natural extremolyte produced by halophilic bacteria, renowned for its protective properties against extreme environmental stressors. It stabilizes biomolecules via water molecule complexation and is widely used in dermatology, ophthalmology, and biotechnology. Recent advancements highlight its therapeutic potential in anti-aging, wound repair, and postbiotic applications.依克多因（1,4,5,6-四氢甲基嘧啶羧酸，CAS 96702-03-3）是由嗜盐菌产生的天然相容性溶质，以通过水分子络合保护生物分子而闻名，可抵御极端环境胁迫。其广泛应用于皮肤科、眼科及生物技术领域，最新研究凸显其在抗衰老、创伤修复及后生元领域的潜力

1. Basic Information

• ​Chemical Name: Ectoine (1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2-methyl-4-pyrimidinecarboxylic acid)
• ​CAS Number: 96702-03-3
• ​Molecular Formula: C₆H₁₀N₂O₃
• ​Appearance: White crystalline powder
• ​Solubility: Highly water-soluble
• ​化学名称：依克多因（1,4,5,6-四氢甲基嘧啶羧酸）
• ​CAS号：96702-03-3
• ​分子式：C₆H₁₀N₂O₃
• ​外观：白色结晶性粉末
• ​溶解性：极易溶于水

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​2. Key Physicochemical Properties

​Parameter	​Details
​Water Binding	Forms a protective hydration shell around proteins and membranes.
​Thermal Stability	Remains stable up to 120°C, enabling broad industrial applications.
​pH Tolerance	Functions effectively in pH 3–10, suitable for diverse formulations.

​参数	​详情
​水分子络合能力	在蛋白质和膜周围形成保护性水合层，抵御光、热、干燥等胁迫。
​热稳定性	耐高温达120°C，适用于多种工业场景。
​pH耐受性	在pH 3–10范围内稳定，适配多种配方。

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​3. Mechanisms of Action

• ​Osmoprotection: Balances osmotic pressure in cells under stress (e.g., UV, pollution).
• ​DNA Repair: Stabilizes DNA structure and aids repair post-UV damage.
• ​Anti-Inflammatory: Suppresses NF-κB pathways, reducing cytokine release (e.g., IL-6, TNF-α).
• ​渗透压保护：平衡细胞内外渗透压，抵御紫外线、污染物等胁迫。
• ​DNA修复：稳定DNA结构，促进紫外线损伤后的修复。
• ​抗炎：抑制NF-κB通路，减少IL-6、TNF-α等促炎因子释放。

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​4. Applications

• ​Dermatology:
  • ​Moisturizing: Locks in water clusters, maintaining skin hydration for 24h.
  • ​Anti-Aging: Reduces wrinkles by 22% after 4 weeks (0.5% formulation).
• ​Ophthalmology:
  • Protects corneal cells from UV-induced damage (90% reduction in DNA breaks).
• ​Nasal Care:
  • Alleviates rhinitis symptoms by 40% in clinical trials (vs. placebo).
• ​皮肤科:
  • ​保湿：锁住三维水簇，24小时维持肌肤水润。
  • ​抗衰老：含0.5%依克多因配方使用4周后皱纹减少22%。
• ​眼科:
  • 防护角膜细胞免受紫外线损伤（DNA断裂减少90%）。
• ​鼻腔护理:
  • 临床试验显示缓解鼻炎症状效果达40%（vs. 安慰剂）。

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​5. Production & Engineering

• ​Natural Production: Isolated from Halomonas elongata via “bacterial milking”.
• ​Metabolic Engineering:
  • Engineered E. coli strains produce 60.7 g/L ectoine via fed-batch fermentation.
  • Ammonium sulfate enhances yield by 36.5 g/L.
• ​天然生产：通过“细菌挤奶法”从Halomonas elongata中提取。
• ​代谢工程:
  • 改造大肠杆菌实现批次补料发酵产60.7 g/L依克多因。
  • 硫酸铵使产量提升至36.5 g/L。

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​6. Safety & Challenges

• ​Safety: ISO 10993-certified; no cytotoxicity observed in cell assays.
• ​Challenges: Low bioavailability in eukaryotic cells; high production costs.
• ​安全性: 通过ISO 10993认证，细胞实验无毒性。
• ​挑战: 真核细胞生物利用度低；生产成本高。

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​7. Research Frontiers

• ​Postbiotic Potential: Modulates gut microbiota and reduces neuroinflammation.
• ​Smart Materials: Development of ectoine-loaded hydrogels for sustained release.
• ​后生元潜力：调节肠道菌群，减轻神经炎症。
• ​智能材料: 开发依克多因载药水凝胶实现缓释。