Polycaprolactone (PCL, CAS 24980-41-4)
Polycaprolactone (PCL, CAS 24980-41-4) is a biodegradable polymer widely used in biomedical applications, including drug delivery, tissue engineering, and aesthetic medicine. This article explores its synthesis, mechanisms, and emerging innovations.
聚己内酯（PCL，CAS 24980-41-4）是一种可生物降解聚合物，广泛应用于药物缓释、组织工程及医美领域。本文详述其合成工艺、作用机制及最新技术进展。
1. Basic Information
- Chemical Name: Polycaprolactone (PCL)
- Molecular Formula: (C₆H₁₀O₂)ₙ
- CAS Number: 24980-41-4
- Appearance: White solid powder or semi-crystalline polymer
- Melting Point: 59–64°C
- Glass Transition Temperature (Tg): ~-60°C (highly flexible at low temperatures)
- Solubility: Insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents (e.g., chloroform, THF).
- 化学名称：聚己内酯（PCL）
- 分子式：(C₆H₁₀O₂)ₙ
- CAS号：24980-41-4
- 外观：白色固体粉末或半结晶聚合物
- 熔点：59–64°C
- 玻璃化转变温度（Tg）：约-60°C（低温下高度柔韧）
- 溶解性：不溶于水，但溶于有机溶剂（如氯仿、四氢呋喃）。
2. Key Physicochemical Properties
| Parameter | Details |
|---|---|
| Biodegradability | Degrades via hydrolysis of ester bonds into CO₂ and water in 6–12 months. |
| Mechanical Strength | High tensile strength but low rigidity; improves when blended with PLA or starch. |
| Thermal Stability | Low melting point enables easy processing via 3D printing or thermal molding. |
| 参数 | 详情 |
|---|---|
| 生物降解性 | 通过酯键水解降解为CO₂和水，降解周期6–12个月。 |
| 机械强度 | 高拉伸强度但刚性低；与PLA或淀粉共混时可提升刚性。 |
| 热稳定性 | 低熔点便于通过3D打印或热模塑加工。 |
3. Pharmacological Mechanisms
- Collagen Stimulation:
- Induces fibroblast activity to produce Type I and III collagen, mimicking natural skin structure.
- Sustained release of growth factors (e.g., TGF-β) enhances tissue regeneration.
- Controlled Drug Delivery:
- Acts as a biocompatible matrix for encapsulating drugs (e.g., antibiotics, chemotherapeutics).
- Release kinetics tunable via polymer molecular weight and copolymerization.
- 胶原蛋白刺激：
- 促进成纤维细胞生成I型和III型胶原蛋白，模拟天然皮肤结构。
- 持续释放生长因子（如TGF-β），增强组织再生。
- 可控药物递送：
- 作为生物相容性载体包封药物（如抗生素、化疗药）。
- 通过调节聚合物分子量或共聚物组成控制释放速率。
4. Clinical Applications
- Aesthetic Medicine:
- Derma Fillers: Polycaprolactone microspheres (e.g., Ellansé®) stimulate collagen for facial contouring and anti-aging (duration: 12+ months).
- Wound Healing: Promotes angiogenesis and epithelialization in chronic wounds.
- Drug Delivery:
- Sustained-release systems for chemotherapy (e.g., 5-fluorouracil) or vaccines.
- Tissue Engineering:
- Scaffolds for bone, cartilage, and nerve regeneration.
- 医美领域：
- 皮肤填充剂：聚己内酯微球（如Ellansé®）刺激胶原再生，用于面部轮廓塑形及抗衰老（效果持续12个月以上）。
- 伤口愈合：促进慢性创面血管生成及上皮化。
- 药物递送：
- 用于化疗药物（如5-氟尿嘧啶）或疫苗的缓释系统。
- 组织工程：
- 骨、软骨及神经再生的支架材料。
5. Synthesis and Production
- Synthetic Routes:
- Ring-Opening Polymerization (ROP): Catalyzed by stannous octanoate or enzymes (e.g., lipases).
- Copolymerization: Blended with PLA, PEG, or starch to enhance biocompatibility or degradability.
- Key Manufacturers:
- Pharmaceutical Grade: Evonik, BASF (EU/US).
- Industrial Grade: Chinese suppliers (e.g., Zhejiang Hisun, Dongjin Semichem).
- 合成路线：
- 开环聚合（ROP）：以辛酸亚锡或脂肪酶（如脂肪酶）为催化剂。
- 共聚改性：与PLA、PEG或淀粉共聚以增强生物相容性或降解性。
- 主要生产商：
- 工业级：中国供应商（如浙江海正、东邦化学）。
6. Safety and Precautions
- Biocompatibility: ISO 10993-certified; minimal inflammatory response in vivo.
- Degradation Byproducts: Safe metabolites (CO₂, H₂O) with no cytotoxicity.
- Adverse Effects: Rare cases of transient swelling or granuloma formation at injection sites.
- 生物相容性：通过ISO 10993认证，体内炎症反应极低。
- 降解产物：代谢产物为CO₂和H₂O，无细胞毒性。
- 不良反应：注射部位偶发短暂肿胀或肉芽肿形成。
7. Research Advances
- Material Innovations:
- Nanoparticles: PCL-based carriers for targeted drug delivery (e.g., cancer therapy).
- Hybrid Composites: Combined with hydroxyapatite for bone grafts.
- Smart Materials:
- Shape-memory polymers for minimally invasive medical devices.
- 材料创新：
- 纳米颗粒：PCL基载体用于靶向药物递送（如癌症治疗）。
- 复合材料的开发：与羟基磷灰石结合用于骨移植。
- 智能材料：
- 形状记忆聚合物用于微创医疗设备。
8. Market and Applications
- Market Size: $3.2 billion globally (2024), driven by demand in drug delivery and 3D bioprinting.
- Key Sectors:SectorApplicationsMedical AestheticsCollagen-stimulating fillers (12+ months duration)PharmaceuticalsSustained-release drug carriersAgricultureBiodegradable mulch films
- 市场规模：2024年全球销售额达32亿美元，受药物递送和3D生物打印需求驱动。
- 主要应用领域：领域应用场景医美胶原蛋白刺激填充剂（效果持续12个月以上）制药缓释药物载体农业可降解地膜
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